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Ian Smythe PhD

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Email: ian.smythe@ukonline.co.uk

Phone: +44 (0) 7904 331101


Introduction

Articles

Books

Major projects

Peer review papers

Presentations

Resources

Training courses


INTRODUCTION

Dr Ian Smythe, a dyslexia consultant, works on specific learning difficulties in different language and cultural environments. His international work developed out of his PhD research into cognitive differences in dyslexics in different languages. He has worked with foreign governments including the Hong Kong Education Department and also non-governmental organisations - conducting workshops, lectures and seminars around the world (including lecturing in Brazil in Portuguese) with universities, dyslexia teaching organisations and local support groups. His papers and seminars address assessment, multilingual aspects and policy developments.

His current activities include developing paper and computer based assessment and remediation materials in various countries, including Brazil, Hungary, China, Sweden, Wales and England.

Current research includes development of a tool for assessing cognitive profiles on the web, using both computerised assessment and webcam remote diagnosis. This is being carried out in Swedish, Spanish, Welsh and Chinese as well as English. This work is an expansion of his international cognitive profiling test, which has now been translated and modified to many languages including Cantonese, English, Filipino, Hungarian, Japanese, Malay, Mandarin, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai and Welsh. His multilingual research includes English/Chinese, Hungarian/ Romanian, English/Welsh, English/Sylheti and English /Gujerati. Aspects of this work have been published in English, Portuguese, Hungarian, Swedish and Chinese.

Ian has considerable experience of project management, especially in the dyslexia field, including on projects funded by the European Union, the Welsh Assembly, UK Local Authorities, UK Citizens Advice Bureau, the Hong Kong government and grant making trusts.

Ian is also the principle editor of The International Book of Dyslexia, and is currently working on the second edition.


ARTICLES

Siegel, L, Smythe I and Lai A (In preparation) A new definition of dyslexia - implications for the identification of the Chinese dyslexic individual

Ghitulete G, Smythe I and Siegel L, (in press), Cognitive basis of reading and writing difficulties in Romanian.

Smythe I (2005) Understanding overlapping specific learning difficulties. The Dyslexia Handbook 2006

Smythe I (2005) Assistive technology for all. The Dyslexia Handbook 2006

Ghitulete G and Smythe I (2005), Teaching English to profoundly deaf Romanian children. In Marsh D (Ed) Special Educational Needs in Europe - The teaching and learning of languages.

Smythe I, Draffan EA, Blenkhorn P, Prof Siegel L, Gyarmathy E, Ghi?ulete G, Andersson B (2005), What do we need now? In Dr Smythe I (Ed), Provision and Use of Information Technology with Dyslexic Students in University in Europe (EU funded project). http://www.welshdyslexia.info/minerva/book.pdf

Smythe I (2005) Making e-learning dyslexia friendly. BDA Handbook 2005 British Dyslexia Association. Reading

Smythe I and Draffan EA (2005) Study Skills and ICT. BDA Handbook 2005 British Dyslexia Association. Reading

Smythe I (2005) What is dyslexia? A cross-linguistic comparison. In Smythe I (Ed.) Provision and Use of Information Technology with Dyslexic Students in University in Europe. Welsh Dyslexia Project. Cardiff

Smythe I and Siegel L (2005) The assessment of the dyslexic adult – a European Framework. In Smythe I (Ed.) Provision and Use of Information Technology with Dyslexic Students in University in Europe. Welsh Dyslexia Project. Cardiff

Smythe I and Draffan EA (2005) Dyslexia and E-learning – a guide to good practice. In

Smythe I (Ed.) Provision and Use of Information Technology with Dyslexic Students in University in Europe. Welsh Dyslexia Project. Cardiff

Smythe I, Blenkhorn P, Evans G, Siegel L and Draffan EA (2005) A conceptual model of ICT needs of the dyslexic student. In Smythe I (Ed.) Provision and Use of Information Technology with Dyslexic Students in University in Europe. Welsh Dyslexia Project. Cardiff

Draffan EA, Smythe I and Ghitulete G (2005) ICT and examinations at university. In Smythe I (Ed.) Provision and Use of Information Technology with Dyslexic Students in University in Europe. Welsh Dyslexia Project. Cardiff

Smythe I 2004) Prison helps dyslexics. Romanian Journal of Speech and Language Therapists.

Smythe I (2004). Dyslexia in Brazil. In Smythe I, Everatt, J and Salter R (Eds) International Book of Dyslexia (Second edition) (In press). Wileys. Chichester.

Smythe I and Everatt J (2004) Dyslexia – a cross-linguistic framework. In Smythe I, Everatt J and Salter R (Eds) International Book of Dyslexia (Second edition). Wileys. p1-29

Smythe I, E-learning and the dyslexic individual (2004) BDA Handbook 2004. Peer L and Johnson M. Reading. BDA.

Smythe I (2004) What is dyslexia? Dystrain (E-learning) teacher training module. Welsh Dyslexia Project

Smythe I (2004) Causes of dyslexia? Dystrain (E-learning) teacher training module. Welsh Dyslexia Project

The Romanian Newspaper „Ziarul National” – 2 articles: „Dislexia ?i diferen?ele lingvistice” (Dyslexia and linguistic diferences) and „Ce dificult??i pot avea persoanele dislexice” (Difficulties of dyslexics individuals), by Dr. Ian Smythe, translated by Georgiana Ghitulete, on January 2004

Smythe I (2003) Use of Technology in the Assessment/Screening and Support for LD Students Learning English as an Additional Language: Perspective from the UK. National Symposium On Learning Disabilities In English Language Learners (Symposium Summary) Washington, D.C. October 14-15, 2003

Smythe I, (2003) Multilingualism and dyslexia - Hornsby Correspondence Course

Smythe I (2003) Dyslexia in different languages - Flerspråkighet och andraspråksinlärning - Kartläggning, strategier och möjligheter vid språkstörning och läs- och skrivsvårigheter - 28 March 2003 Uppsala, Uppsala universitet

Smythe I (2003) Dyslexia in different language - or how a global perspective can help the specific dyslexic! Patoss Bulletin

Smythe I (2003) Prison helps dyslexics. Romanian Journal of Speech and Language Therapists.

Smythe I (2003) The development of  multilingual test for dyslexia. Dyslexi - Journal of the Swedish Dyslexia Association. Jan 2003

Smythe I (2003) Dyslexia in different language - or how a global perspective can help the specific dyslexic! Patoss Bulletin
Dyslexia in Argentina. Report for the Lampadia Foundation, USA (2002)
Dyslexia in Brazil. Report for the Lampadia Foundation, USA (2002)

Smythe I (2002) Dyslexi: olika språk, samma problem? Eller varför somliga svenska dyslektiker kan lära sig att läsa och skriva kinesiska (Dyslexia: different languages, same problems? Or why some dyslexic Swedes can learn to read and write Chinese.) http://www.fmls.nu/sprakaloss/smytheDyslexi.htm

Smythe I (2002) Dyslexia in Argentina. Report for the Lampadia Foundation

Smythe I (2002) Dyslexia in Brazil. Report for the Lampadia Foundation

Smythe I (2002) Dyslexia: different languages, same problems? Or why some dyslexic Swedes can learn to read and write Chinese. Artikel skriven för FMLS-projektet “Språka loss”, www.fmls.nu/sprakaloss

Smythe I (2002) Dyslexia: different languages, same problems? Or why some dyslexic Swedes can learn to read and write Chinese. Web publication. FMLS (In Swedish)

Smythe I (2002) On being dyslexic in one language but not another! Artikel för förlaget

Smythe I (2002) On being dyslexic in one language but not another! Barrington Stoke. January 2003. www.barringtonstoke.co.uk/teachers/newsletter05b.html

Smythe I (2002) UN disability rights convention input

Smythe I (November 2001) Assessing the dyslexic individual. Associacao national de dislexia de Brazil. For web publication

Smythe I and Everatt J (2001) A new dyslexia checklist for adults. In Smythe I (Ed) (2001) The Dyslexia Handbook 2001, BDA, Reading, UK.

Smythe I (2000) An integration policy for dyslexia in Hong Kong, for HK Education Department (2000)

Smythe I (2000) Dyslexia and the multilingual child. In Smythe I (Ed), (2000) The Dyslexia Handbook 2000, BDA, Reading

Smythe I (2000) Dyslexia and the multilingual individual. In Michelson C, Adult Dyslexia: A guide for basic skills tutors. ADO. London p26-35

Smythe I and Everatt J (2000) A new dyslexia checklist for adults. In Smythe I (Ed) (2001) The Dyslexia Handbook 2001, BDA, Reading, UK. p73-77

Smythe I and Everatt J (2000). Dyslexia diagnosis in different languages. In Peer L and Reid G, Multilingualism, Literacy and Dyslexia. David Fulton Publishers. London

Smythe I (1999) A consultative document on dyslexia provision for the Hong Kong Education Department. Hong Kong.


BOOKS

Smythe I (Ed) (2005) Provision and use of information and communication technology with adult dyslexic students in university in Europe. WDP. Cardiff.

Smythe I, Everatt J and Salter R (2004) International Book of Dyslexia - A Cross-Language Comparison and Practice Guide (Second edition). Wileys. Chichester

Smythe I, Everatt J and Salter R (2004) International Book of Dyslexia - A Guide to Practice and Resources (Second edition). Wileys. Chichester

Smythe I (2002) Cognitive factors underlying reading and spelling difficulties: a cross linguistic study. Unpublished PhD. University of Surrey, UK.

Smythe I (Ed) (2001) The Dyslexia Handbook 2001. BDA. Reading.

Smythe I (Ed) (2000) The Dyslexia Handbook 2000. BDA. Reading.

Smythe I (Ed) (1999) The Dyslexia Handbook 1999. BDA. Reading.

Salter R and Smythe I (1997) International Book of Dyslexia. WNDF. London


MAJOR PROJECTS

Project INCLUDE EU - Leonardo

Teacher training in Hong Kong - Hong Kong government

Non-Engaged youths in Hong Kong - Hong Kong government

International framework for identification of literacy difficulties - Canadian Language and Literacy Network

Project SUCCESS European Social Fund / Welsh government

Dystrain EU - Socrates (Minerva)

Testing children's literacy - a tool for teachers Welsh Government

Provision and use of ICT by dyslexic students at university in Europe EU - Socrates (Minerva)

Remote diagnosis of dyslexia using the internet - Proof of concept Welsh Council for Voluntary Action

Development of a cognitive profiling tool Walcott Trust


PEER REVIEW PAPERS

Siegel L and Smythe I (2005) Reflections on Research on Reading Disability with

Special Attention to Gender Issues. Journal of Learning Disabilities. Vol 38, 473-477

Siegel L and Smythe I (In press) Supporting dyslexic adult – a need for clarity (and more research): A critical review of “Developmental dyslexia in adults: a research review” Dyslexia - International Journal

Smythe I, Siegel L and Everatt J (In preparation) Implications for a new definition of dyslexia - a cross linguistic study

Ghitulete G, Smythe I and Siegel L (In preparation) Reading and writing difficulties in the Romanian language

EverattJ, Smythe I, Ocampo J and Gyarmathy E (2004) Issues in the assessment of literacy-related difficulties across language backgrounds: A cross-linguistic comparison. Journal of Research in Reading: Advances and challenges in assessment of literacy. Vol 27, 2, p141-151

Everatt J, Ocampo D, Veii K, Nenopoulou S and Smythe I (2004) Assessment of Specific Literacy/Biliteracy difficulties

Smythe I, Everatt J and Gyarmathy E. (2004) Issues in the assessment of literacy-related difficulties across language backgrounds: A cross-linguistic comparison. Journal of Research in Reading. Vol 27, 2, p141

Smythe I (2005) Identificarea copilului dyslexic în clas?. (Identification of the dyslexic child in the classroom) Psihopedadodia Copilului, 4, p59-67

Smythe I, Everatt J, Gyarmathy É, Ho CS-H and Groeger JA (2003) Short-term memory and literacy: a cross-language comparison. Educational and Child Psychology Vol 20 (3) p37-50

Everatt J, Smythe I, Ocampo D and Veii K (2002) Dyslexia assessment of the bi-scriptal reader. Topics in Language Disorders. Vol 22, 32-45

Smythe I and Everatt J (2002)  Dyslexia and the multilingual child – Policy into practice, Topics in Language Disorders. Vol 22, 71-80

Smythe, I & Everatt, J (2002). Dyslexia and the multilingual child. Topics in Language Disorders, 22, 71-80.

Capovilla, A, Smythe, I, Capovilla, F, & Everatt, J (2001).  Adaptação brasileira do International Dyslexia Test: Perfil cognitivo de crianças com escrita pobre. Temas sobre Desenvolvimento, 10, 30-37.

Smythe I, (2001) Diagnosing specific learning difficulties in multilingual children. Multicultural Teaching Vol 19 Spring 2001. p37-40

Smythe, I, Gyarmathy E. & Everatt, J. (2001) Olvasýsi zavarok kýlýnbýzý nyelveken: egy nyelvkýzi kutatýs elmýleti ýs gyakorlati kýrdýsei. (Reading difficulties in different languages: theoretical and practical issues of a cross linguistic research) Pszicholýgia.

Everatt J, Adams E and Smythe I (2000). Bilingual children's profiles on dyslexia screening measures. In Peer L and Reid G, Multilingualism, Literacy and Dyslexia. David Fulton Publishers. London

Everatt, J, Smythe, I, Adams, E, & Ocampo, D (2000).  Dyslexia screening measures and bilingualism.  Dyslexia: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 6, 42-56.

Gyarmathy E. & Smythe I (2000) Týbbnyelvýsýg ýs az olvasýsi zavarok. (Multilinualism and reading difficulties. Erdýlyi Pszicholýgiai Szemle, December. 63-76.

Everatt, J, Steffert, B, & Smythe, I (1999).  An eye for the unusual: Creative thinking in dyslexia.  Dyslexia: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 5, 28-46.


PRESENTATIONS

A framework for understanding literacy difficulties - Canadian Language and Literacy Network (2005)

Multilingualism and dyslexia - Education and Manpower Bureau, Hong Kong (2005)

Keynote speech - Dyslexia in Egypt. Egyptian Learning Disabilities Conference (January 2005)

What is dyslexia? Egyptian Learning Disabilities Conference (January 2005)

Assessing the dyslexic Arabic speaker. Egyptian Learning Disabilities Conference (January 2005)

Assessing the dyslexic individual - an international framework. Egyptian Learning Disabilities Conference (January 2005)

Dyslexia and ICT for those speaking English as an additional language (January 2005)

Smythe I and Elbeheri G. Assessing the dyslexic Arabic child. Egyptian Learning Disabilities Conference (January 2005)

What is dyslexia? Minerva ICT Conference, Bucharest, Romania (March 2005)

ICT and the dyslexic pupil. Minerva ICT Conference, Bucharest, Romania (March 2005)

Understanding and supporting the dyslexic pupil. British School, Bucharest, Romania (March 2005)

Identification of the bilingual dyslexic student, Bangor Wales, 7 January 2005 (ADSHE Wales)

Identification of the multilingual adult - the European perspective. NICHD Seminar. Washington 2003, USA

Making e-learning dyslexia friendly. International Dyslexia Conference. March 2004. Warwick, UK

Identifying muyltilingual students with SpLD Association of International Colleges. May 2005 - International Schools, Sherborne -

Identification and support of multilingual SpLD students. National Association of Disability Officers. Manchester, England - November 2004

London, England - June 2004 - Identification and support of multilingual SpLD students. National Association of Disability Officers

Sau Paulo, Brazil - April 2004 - Identification of the dyslexic student

Sau Paulo, Brazil - April 2004 - Teaching of the dyslexic student

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - April 2004 - Identification and support of the dyslexic student

Computerised assessment of the dyslexic pupil - A framework for Hong Kong. Hong Kong Polytechnic University, January 2004

Smythe and Everatt - Arizona, USA - May 2003 - Identification of the multilingual dyslexic pupil

Smythe I (2003) Use of Technology in the Assessment/Screening and Support for LD Students Learning English as an Additional Language: Perspective from the UK.

National Symposium On Learning Disabilities In English Language Learners (Symposium Summary) Washington, D.C. October 14-15, 2003

Computerised assessment of the dyslexic adult: Presentation at the Welsh Dyslexia Project Conference. 22 February 2003. Cardigan

Dyslexia and the multilingual adult - Issues of assessment and intervention – One day conference for educational psychologists, Lund, Sweden 26 March 2003

Dyslexia and the multilingual individual - Issues of assessment and intervention. 26th March 2003. Lund, Sweden.

Dyslexia assessment – Workshop for speech and language therapists, Lund, Sweden 25 March 2003 Lund - Eva – 25 March 2003

Supporting the dyslexia student. NPO- EDGE. Tokyo

International comparison of dyslexia policies, with particular reference to Russia, Hong Kong, Brazil and Wales. 14-16 August. Uppsala, Sweden International Policy Conference on Dyslexia.

The development of a multilingual and multicultural test. 8-10 August Stockholm, Sweden. 3rd Nordic Congress on Dyslexia.

Assessing multilingual dyslexic adults – National Labour Board, Stockholm, Sweden 19th November 2002.

Computer assessment of Specific Learning Difficulties Hong Kong Psychological Society – Education Division. Hong Kong. February 2002

Computer mediated diagnosis - can the web be the answer to dyslexia diagnosis in a diverse linguistic culture? 27-29 June 2002. Washington DC, USA. International Conference. "Multilingual & Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Dyslexia".

Computer mediated diagnosis of specific learning difficulties in Japanese. 23 September 2002. Learning Disabilities Association of Japan Annual Conference.

Dyslexia in Japanese - issues of identification. NPO-EDGE, Tokyo

Computerised assessment of bilingual adult – Welsh Council for Voluntary Action, Cardiff. 6th December 2002.

Dyslexia – a cross linguistic comparison. 14 November 2002. Surrey Linguistics Circle. University of Surrey, UK.

Dyslexia – using the English model in Japan. 3-4 August 2002. NPO-EDGE two day seminar at the Hornsby Centre, London

Dyslexia in a multilingual community – issues of identification? June 2002, Stockholm

Dyslexia in a multilingual global society - is there one solution for all? June 2002. University of Gothenburg.

Mediated computer diagnosis - can the web be the answer to dyslexia diagnosis in a diverse linguistic culture? 27-29 June 2002. Washington DC, USA. International Conference. "Multilingual & Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Dyslexia".

Smythe I and Lai A. June 2002. Use of Information Technology in schools in Hong Kong. Multilingualism and dyslexia conference, Washington. June 2002

Smythe I and Lai A. Use of Information Technology in schools  in Hong Kong. 27-29 June 2002. Washington DC, USA. International Conference. "Multilingual & Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Dyslexia".

Smythe I, April 2002, Computer assessment of Specific Learning Difficulties Hong Kong Psychological Society – Education Division

Smythe I, Dyslexia in a multilingual community – issues of identification? June 2002, Stockholm

Smythe I, Dyslexia in a multilingual global society – is there one solution for all? June 2002. University of Gothenburg.

Smythe I, Hong Pa AK, Lai AC and Meng X Rapid automatised naming in Chinese. Washington June 2002

Smythe I, Hong Pa  AK, Lai AC and Meng X  Semantic, orthographic and phonological manipulation in Chinese rapid naming. 27-29 June 2002. Washington DC, USA. International Conference. "Multilingual & Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Dyslexia".

Supporting the dyslexic student at university. 5 November, 2002. Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong. With Dr Alice Lai.

The development of a multilingual and multicultural tests. 8-10 August 2002 Stockholm, Sweden. 3rd Nordic Congress on Dyslexia.

Understanding specific learning difficulties in Japanese. 21 September 2002. NPO-EDGE seminar. Tokyo.

Dyslexia and the multilingual student: a framework for assessment and remediation - London Language and Literacy Unit, February 2001

Dyslexia in Wales (bilingual) primary schools - a workshop, Flint February 2001

Assessing the dyslexic adult (workshop) London - May 2000

Assessing the student using English as an additional language – Cambridgeshire. November 2000

Avaliacao de dislexia – Sao Paulo, Brazil (In Portuguese) September 2000

Cognitive profiles of bilingual (Gujerati/English) children - Univ. of Leicester - May 2000

Cognitive profiles of bilingual children - University of Leicester - May 2000

Cognitive Profiling of Gifted Children - August 2000 (Europe Conference of High Ability - Hungary)

Dyslexia and the bilingual student: towards a framework for assessment - London Language and Literacy Unit, March 2000

Dyslexia and the Chinese language - Educational Department, Hong Kong - March 2000

Dyslexia in Chinese - Manila, Philippines - May 2000

Dyslexia: an international framework for integration – Hornsby International Dyslexia Centre, London - November 2000

Dyslexia: assessment and intervention - Two day workshop in Sao Paulo, Brazil (in Portuguese) - September 2000

Reading and writing difficulties in different orthographies - University of Surrey - January 2000

Understanding dyslexia in Chinese - Hong Kong, July 2000 (Seminar)

Amano T and Smythe I (1999) Problems of the English student learning Japanese. Multilingualism and Dyslexia Conference. Manchester June 1999.

Everatt J and Smythe I Bilingualism and Dyslexia - Multilingualism and Dyslexia Conference - Manchester, June 1999

Semantic, orthographic and phonological manipulation in Chinese rapid naming" 27-29 June 2002. Washington DC, USA. International Conference. "Multilingual & Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Dyslexia".


RESOURCES

Team leader for the eight day Hornsby International Dyslexia Centre Training

Workshops for teacher and educational psychologists, for Japanese NGO on study visit to England, August 2002

Team leader for the two week Hornsby International Dyslexia Centre Training

Workshops for teacher and educational psychologists, Hong Kong Education Department, March 2000

Dystrain - E-learning dyslexia support training for teachers and parents (Wales, England, Sweden, Hungary, Romania)

Research and develop a guide to Specific Learning Difficulties, on behalf of Citizens Advice Bureau (UK). Launch date April 2004

Smythe I and Kirby A Developing a research tool for developing a computerized adult checklist.

Research and develop a CD on Learning Styles for teachers in Hong Kong, on behalf of Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Launch date March 2003.

Bilingual CD for parents of children with specific learning difficulties in Wales (for the Welsh Dyslexia Project). Launch date May 2002.

Bilingual computerised assessment tool for dyslexic Welsh adults (English and Welsh)

CD and 500 page paper-based teaching resource to help teach both Chinese and English to dyslexic Chinese children, in collaboration with the Hong Kong Education Department. Launch date July 2002.

CD on Learning Styles for teachers in Hong Kong.

Computerised assessment of adults in English and Welsh, including webcam testing. Pilot studies, sponsored by Welsh government, developed by I Smythe. Presented in

Mediated computer diagnosis - can the web be the answer to dyslexia diagnosis in a diverse linguistic culture? 27-29 June 2002. Washington DC, USA. International Conference. "Multilingual and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Dyslexia".

Learner profile tool, to help identify learning styles, including those affected by Specific Learning Difficulties.

Teachers guide and identification tool for learning styles in Chinese, developed on behalf of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

Guide to dyslexia for parents of Chinese children in Hong Kong (for the HK Education Department, Student Guidance Officers), in collaboration with the Hong Kong Education Department. Launch date March 2002.

Guide to dyslexia for teachers of Chinese children in Hong Kong, in collaboration with the Hong Kong Education Department. Launch date November 2001.

Project consultant for Welsh Assembly funded screening and assessment tool for children in primary school (English and Welsh).


TRAINING COURSES

Identification and support of the multilingual student. University of Southampton

London, England - March 2005 - One day course for Japanese

Suceava, Romania - January 2005 - two day teacher training course

Dystrain - e-learning for dyslexic adults

Sao Paulo, Brazil – April 2004 – three one day courses for teachers and other professionals

Dyslexia and the multilingual adult - Issues of assessment and intervention – One day course for educational psychologists, Lund, Sweden 26 March 2003

England - Team leader for the eight day Hornsby International Dyslexia Centre Training

Workshops for teacher and educational psychologists, for Japanese NGO on study visit to England, August 2002

Identification and support of the dyslexia student. NPO-EDGE, Tokyo

Sao Paulo, Brazil - September 2001 - Teacher training

Dyslexia assessment and intervention – Hope Foundation, Varna, Bulgaria, November 2000

Hong Kong - Team leader for the two week Hornsby International Dyslexia Centre

Training Workshops for teacher and educational psychologists, Hong Kong Education Department, March 2000.

Hornsby Annual Lecture: Dyslexia in different languages – Hornsby Centre, November 2000